Modern Indian History Governors & Viceroys

Modern Indian History
Governors & Viceroys

Robert Clive (1757-67) (1766-67)

1. Governor of Bengal from 1757-60 and again from 1765-67.
2. Started dual Government in Bengal in 1765.
3. He forbade the servants of the company from indulging in private trade and made payment of internal duties obligatory.
4. Established Society of Trade in 1765 with monopoly of trade in salt, betelnuit and tobacco However this was abolished in 1767.
5. Bengal white Mutiny-by white brigades at Allahabad and Monghyr, they were arrested and tried.

Warren Hasting (1772-85)

1. First Governor General after serving as the Governor of Bengal (1772).
2. Introduced quinquennial settlement of land revenue in 1772 farming out lands to the highest bidder, later on he reversed to annual settlement (1777) on the basis of open auction to the highest bidder.
3. Made the appointment of collectors and other revenue officials.
4. Codified Hindu and Muslim laws.
5. Trial of Nand Kumar and his judicial murder in 1775.
6. 6. Fondation of Asiastic Society of Bengal with the help of Sir William Jones in 1784.
7. Associated with the Chait Singh (Raj of Banaras) affair (1778).
8. Associated with Bengams of Oudh affair (1782).
9. After his return of England in 1785, impeachment proceedings were initiated against him in the house of Lords but after a long trial of 7 years he was eventually acquitted.
10. Dual Govt. was abolished in 1772 by him.
11. In 1776 Manu’s Law was Translated into English as Code of Gentoo Laws.
12. In 1991 William Jones and Colebrok prepared digest of Hindu Laws.
13. Fatawa-i-Alamgiri was also tranlated.

Lord Cornawallis (1786-93)

1. Set up courts at different levels and separation of revenue administration from judicial administration in order to reform the judiciary.
2. Introduced Cornwallis Code based on the principle of separation of powers in 1793.
3. Superintendent of Police was made the head of district police and became the incharge of an area of 1000 sq. km. Besides the English magistrates were given police powers and the Zamindars were divested of all police powers.
4. A ten-year settlement was concluded with the Zamindars in 1790 which was made permanent in 1793 (came to be known as Permanent Settlement of 1793.
5. Raised salaries of the officials. Collectors were to get 1% of the revenue collection in addition to their salary of Rs. 1500.

Lord Wellesley (1793-1798)

1.  Described himself as Bengal Tiger.
2. Created Madras Presidency after the annexation of the Kingdoms of Tanjore and Carnatic. 
3. Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance in 1798 which provided for defence of an Indian state by the British, stationing of British Subsidiary Force in the territory, the maintenance of which was to be borne by the ruler, stationing of a British Resident at the headquarters of the state and British control over the external affairs of the state.
4. The States that signed the alliance were first Hyderabad in 1798 and them Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi, Bharatpur, Berar and the Peshwar.
5. Signed Treaty of Bassein (1802) with the Peshwa and fought second Anglo-Maratha war during 1803-05.
6. Lord Lake captured Delhi and Agra in 1803 and the Mughal emperor was pur under company’s protection.

Lord Minto-I (1807-1813)

1. Signed Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 between Ranjit Singh and English.
2. Sent in 1808 mission of Malcom of Persia and that of Elphinstone to Kabul.

Lord Hastings (1813-1823)

1. He was made Marquis of Hastings due to his success in the Gokha wasr of the Anglo- Nepalese war (1813-23).
2. Signed Treaty of Sanguali after defeating the Gorkha leader Amar Singh.
3. Abolished Peshwaship & annexed of his territories in the Bombay Presidency after the Third Anglo-Maratha was (1818).
4. Pindari War (1817-1818).
5. Introduction of Ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency by Governor, Thomas Munro (1820).
6.  Mahalwari (village community) system of land revenue was made in North-West Province by James Thomson.

Lord Ahmerst (1813-1828)

1. Received by the Mughal emperor (Akbar II) on terms of equality in 1827.
2. Signed Treaty of Yaudaboo in 1826 with lower Burma of pegu by which British merchants were allowed to settle on southern coast of Burma and Rangoon.

Lord William Bentinck (1828-35)

1.  Known as the Benevolent Governor-General
2. Introduced a number of social reforms. Banned the practice of Sati in 1829 (pionnerring efforts made in this connection by Raja Ram Mohan Roy), suppressed Thugi in 1830 (Millitary operation led by William Sleeman).
3. Defined the aims and objectives of the educational policy of the British Governmentappointed Lord Macualay, the President of the Committee of Public Instruction which recommended English as the medium of instruction and introduction of English language, Literature, Social and Natural Science in the curriculam in 1835.
4.  Banned female infanticide.
5. Created the Province of Agra in 1834.
6. English was to be court language at higher courts but Persian continued in lower courts.
7. The Regulation of 1833 on land revenue settlement by Mertins Bird (called father of land-revenue settlement in the North). Use of fields maps and filed registrars were prescribed for the first time.

Sir Charle Metacalfe (1835-36)

1. Abolished restriction on press.
2. Called “Liberator of press”.

Lord Auckland (1836-42)

1. Tripatriate Treaty was signed between the company Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja by which
   • Ranjit Singh accepted company’s mediation in disputes Amirs (sind).
   • Shah Shuja conceded his sovereign right to the company over Sind on condition of receiving the arrears of the tribute, the amount of which was to be determined by the company.
2. Mandavi state was annexed in 1839.

Lord Ellenborough (1942-44)

1. Annexation of Sindh to British Empire (1843).
2. Charles Napier was replaced by Major Outram as the Resident in Sind.
3. On the annexation of Sind, Charles Napier commented - we have no right to seize yet we shall do and a very advantages, useful, Humane piece of rascality it will be.
4. Disagreeing to Napier’s policy in Sind, Major Outram wrote to him-I am sick of your policy I wll not say yours is the best, but it is undoubtedly the shortest that of the sword. Oh, I how wish you had drawn it in a better curse.

Lord Dalhausie (1849-56)

1. Introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse of Law of Escheat which postulated that Indian States having no natural heir would be annexed to the British Empire. The Indian States annexed by the application of his doctrine were Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854). 
2. In troduced Wood’s despatch known as the Magna Carta of English education in India prepared by Charles Wood the President of the Board of control in 1854 on education in suggested a scheme of education from the primary to the university level. It recommended, establishment of Anglovemacular Schools in districts, government colleges in important towns and universities in presidency towns and introduction of vermacular languages as the medium of introduction.
3.  Boosted up the development of railways-laid the first railway line in 1853 from Bombay to thane and second from Calcutta to Raniganj.
4. Gave a great impetus to post and telegraph. Telegraph lines were laid. (First line from Calcutta to Agra).
5. Organised a separate Public Works Department by divesting the Malitary Board of this power.
6. Shmla was made summer capital and army headquarter.
7. Hindu widow remarriage Act was passed in 1856.
8. Annexed Awadh in 1856 on excuse of misgovernment when nawab Wajid Ali Shah refused to abdicate.

Lord Canning (1856-62)

1. Queen Victoria’s Proclamatior and passing of the Indian Act of 1856.
2. Doctrine of Lapse started by Lord Dalhausie was officially withdrawn in 1859.
3.  Foundation of the universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857. 4. Indigo revolt in Bengali in 1858-60.
4. White Mutiny by the European trooops of the EICO in 1859.
5. Bahadur Shah was sent to Rangoon (Burma).

Lord Elgin (1862-63)

1. Suppressed the Wahabi movement.

Sir John Lowrance (1864-69)

1. Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called Policy of Masterly Inactivity.
2. Set up High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and  Madras (865).

Lord Lyttan (1876-80)

1. Passing of the Royal Title Act of 1876 and the assumption of the title Express of India (Kaiseri- Hind) by Queen Victoria.
2. Holding of Delhi Durbar in 1877.
3. Passing of Vernacular Press Act of 1878 which empowered a magistrate to call upon the printer and publisher of any vermacular newspaper to enter in into an undertaking not to publish any news which would create antipathy against the government.
4. Passing of Arms Act of 1878 which declared keeping, bearing and trafficking in arms without a licence a criminal offence (The Europeans, Anglo-Indians and same categories of government officials were exempted).
5. Lowering of the maximum age from 21 yrs. to 19 yrs. for the Civil Services Examination - an attempt to prevent Indians from entering Civil Services.
6.  Appointment of the first Famine Commission under Sir Richard Strachey.  Policy of Masterly inactivity towards Afghanistan was replaced by Forward Policy.
7. Started statutory civil services.

Lord Ripon (1880-84)

1. Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the welfare of child labour.
2. Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
3. Foundation of local Self-Government (1882) - passing of local Self-Government acts in various provinces during the period 1883-85.
4. Holding of first decennial & regular censes in 1881 which put the total population at the figure 254 millions.
5. Financial decentralisation in 1882 which was earlier initiated by Lord Mayo.
6. Appointment of an education commission under Sir William Hunter in 1882.
7. The Ilbert Bill controversy, 1883-84 relating to passing of a bill, framed by the law member of the Viceroy’s Council Sir C.P. libert which abolished judicial disqualification based on race. There was a strong protest on the part of the Europeans particularly the English and eventually under pressure the government amended the bill and provided for the rights of the European to claim trial by jury of 12, out of which at least 7 were to be European.
8. Famine Code in 1883.
9.  He usually said “Judge me by my works and not by my words”.

Lord Dufferin (1884-88)

1. Commented on the Congress being a microscope minority in 1888.

 Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)

1. passed the Age of Consent Act in 1891 which  forbade marriage of girl below 12.

Lord Elgim-II (1894-99)

1. Famine in part of Rajasthan - Lyli Commission appointed to look into the cause of femines.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

1. Creation of a new province called the North West Frontier Province.
2. Appointment of a Police Commission under the  president ship of Sir andrew Frazer to inquire into the police administration in 1902-03. It  recommended for enhancement in salaries  and creation of a department of Criminal intelligence.
3. Creation oa a new Department of Commerce and Industry.
4. Passing of Ancient Monuments Protection Act in 1904 for the preservation of India’s Cultural heritage. This was followed by the foundation of Archeological Survey of India.
5. Appointed Mac Donell Commission on Famine in 1900.
6.  Appointed Moncrief Commssion on irrigation in 1902.
7. His biography has been written by ronaldshay - The life of Lord Curzon.

Lord Minto-I (1905-10)

1. S.P. Sinha was appointed a member of Governor-Generals council.

Lord Hardinge (1910-16)

1. Coronation Durban in 1911 at Delhi in the honour of George V.
2. A separate state of Bihar and Orissa was created in 1911.
3. A bomb was throuwn on his carriage at Chandni Chowk in Delhi in 1912 while he was entering the capital.

Lord Chelmsord (1916-21)

1. Foundation of Women’s University at Poona in 1916.
2. Hunter Committee was constituted on Punjab wrongs.
3.  Chambers of Princess was established in 1921.

Lord Reading (1921-26)

1. Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sang (RSS) by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.
2. Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre of the Indian army.
3.  Railway budget was separated from General Budget in 1925.  Skeen Committee or Indian Sandhurst Committee on Army reforms was appointed in 1925. It submitted its report to 1926.
4. Lee Commission on Public Service in 1924, Report Submitted in 1924.
5.  Young Hilton Committee on Currency (1926).

 Lord Irwin (1926-31)

1. Popularly known as Christan Viceroy.
2. Appointment of the Indian States Commission under. Harcourt Butler (1927) to recommend measures for the establishment of better relations between the Indian states and the  Central government.
3. Deepavali Declaration (1929) that India would be granted Dominion status in due course.
4. Royal commssion on Indian Labour was appointed (1929), Report (1931).
5. Sard Act was passed in 1929 Marriages of girl below 14 and boys below 18 years of age was prohibited.

Lord Willington (9131-36)

1. Communal Award in August 1932.
2. Third Round Table Conference (1932)
3. White Paper on political reforms in India was published (1933).
4. Burma and Aden was separated from the British Empire (1935).
5. Orissa, Bihar and Sind were made new States (1935)
6. Lees-Mody Pact (October 1933) by this Bombay textiles group agreed to further preferences for British textiles in place of Japanese Imports in return for a Lancaashire promise to buy more Indian raw cotton.
7. Muslim Conference was founded in Kashmir (1932), renamed National Conference in 1938. Important leaders Sheikh Abdullah and P.N. Bazaz.

Lord Llnlthgow (1936-43)

1. October offer by the Vicroy in which he declaraed the Dominion status as the ultimate goal of British policy in India.
2. At its Haripura Session (February, 1939) Congress declared Poorna Swaraj ideal to cover native states and British India.

Lord Wavell (1943-47)

1. Wavell Plan and Shimla conference. Congress represented by Maulana Azad.
2. RIN mutiny (1946).
3. Interim Goverfnment was formed (September 2, 1946).
4. Prime Minister of Britain Clement Attlee announced independence of India by June 1948. (February 20, 1947).

Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)

1. Earlier proposed Plan-Balkan i.e. total dismemberament of the Indian territory but  soon lieft the idea.
2. Made it clear to the Princely states that they shall not be granted separate independence and they will have to join either India or Pakistan.
3. His plan to make India free on August 15, 1947 is also known as 3rd June Plan.
   • G.G. Council held meeting of two kinds one was ordinary meetings which were associated with executive business. Second was known as legislative, meetings which were for making laws & regulations. Executive Council & Legislative Council were two terms used to indicate two separate functions of council.
   • Act introduced concept of porfolio system. Members of G.G. Council were made incharge of separate departments.

Medieval Indian History - The Saints of Medieval India ( Quick Notes )

Just adding up quick notes which might prove useful for MCQs


:)


Shankaracharya - Shiva,Advaitavad/Ektatvavad,Mathas,Jagannathpuri,Sringeri,Dwarka,Badarinath,true education->Moksha,Crypto-Buddhist.


Ramanuja - Salvation >> knowledge,visistaadwaita,monism,Sribhashya and Gitabhashya.


Ramanand - disciples from all castes,sexes and even from among the Muslims,Jat-Dhanna,barbar-Sena,cobbler-Ramdas,Muslim-Kabir,Worshipper of Rama.Sagun Bhakti.


Kabir -Most radical disciple of Ramananda,weaver Varanasi,sakhas and sakhis -> Hindu Muslim unity , Ram Rahim, Nirguna Bhakti.


Dadu Dayal- Ahmedabad,Hindus and Muslim unity,Nirankar Brahma,Nirguna Bhakti.


Guru Nanak- karma,Langar,Hindu Muslim unity,Nirankara,Adi Granth.


Chaitanya-Lord Krishna,modern vaishnavism,Bengal,Krishnaite,Acgubttabgeda Bhedavada,Rag Marg,Sankirtan system,Navadwip.

GS - Modern Indian History: Chronology of Events : 1707 - 1947

Modern Indian History

Chronology of Events

1707 - Battle of Jajau, accession of Bahadur Shah I

1708 - Death of Guru Govind Singh

1712 - Death of Bahadur Shah I, accession of Jahandar Shah

713 - Accession of Farukh Siyar, murder of Jahandar Shah

1714 - Hussain All viceroy of the Deccan, Treaty between Hussain Mi and the Marathas

1716 - Execution of Banda Bahadur, Swman Embassy to the Imperial Court.

1717 - Emperor Farukh Siyar’s firman to East India Co. Appointment of Murshid Quli Khan as Governor of Bengal

1719 - Farukh Siyar put to death, accession and deposition of puppet emperors, accession of Muhammad Shah

1720 - Fall of the Sayyid brothers

1724 - Appointment of Saadat Khan as governor of Oudh, virtual independence of the Nizam in the Deccan, appointment of Qamaruddin as wazir

1739 - Nadir Shah took Delhi and sacked it, death of Sujauddin and appointment of his son, Sarfaraz, as Governor of Bengal. Capture of bassein and Salsette Kha &

1740 - Aliwardi Khan defeated and killed Sarfraz Khan and became Nawab of Bengal

1742 - Marathas invaded Bengal, appointment of Duplex as Governor of Pondicherry

1744-48 - First Carnatic (Anglo-French) War

1745 - Rohillas in occupied of Rohilkhand

1746 - Capture of Madras by La Bourdonnais

747 - Invasion by Ahmad Shah Abdul

1748 - Death of Nizam Chin Qilich Khan, death of Emperor Muhammad Shah. Accession of Ahmad Shah

1749 - Restoration of Madras to the English

1749-54 - Second Carnatic War

1750 - Defeat and death of Nizam Nasir Jang after him Muzaffar Jang became Nizam

1751 - Capture and defense of Arcot by Robed Clive, death of Muzaffar Jang, accession of Salabat Jang as Nizam, conclusion of treaty by Nawab Alivardi Khan with the Marathas by surrendering Cuttack

1754 - Recall of Dupleix, Godehu’s appointment as governor and his treaty with the English, accession of Alamgir.

1756 - Death of Alivardi Khan (21 April) accession of Sirajuddaulab who captured Calcutta (20 June)

1757 - Recovery of Calcutta by the English (2 January), Delhi and Mathura sacked by Ahmad Shah Abdel (January) treaty of Alinagat between Siraj and the English (9th Feb.), capture of Chandernagore by the English (March), battle of Plassey (23x June), Mir Jafar installed as Nawab (28 June), capture and execution of Siiajuddaulah (2nd July).

1758-63 - Third Carnatic War

1758 - Arrival of Lally in India, occupation of the Punjab by the Marathas, Manulipatnam captured by Forde.

1759 - Battle of Bedara, Prince Au Jafar, second Governorship of Clive in  Bengal, treaty of Allahabad, grant of the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa b31 Shah Alam II to the Company.

1766 - Acquisition by the company of the Northern Circars.

1766-69 - First Mysore War

1767 - Departure of dive, Verelest governor in Bengal

1770 - The Great Bengal Famine

1772 - Warren Hastings Governor in Bengal, death of Peshwa Madhava Rao, accession and murder of Peshwa Narayan Rao

1773 - Enactment of the Regulating Act, Peshwaship of Raghnath Rao of Raghaba

1774 - Accession of Narain Rao as Peshwa, the Rohilla war. Warren Hastings installed as Governor General, establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta

1775 - Trial and execution of Nanda Kumar, commencement of the First Maratha War which continued till 782

1776 - Treaty of Purandhar

1779 - Convention of Wadgaon

1 780 - Gwalior captured by General Popham, Second Mysore War (178044)

1781 - Deposition of Chait Singh, Amendment of the Regulating Act

1782 - Affair of the Begums of Oudh, the treaty of Salbai, death of Haider Ali

1783 - Fox’s India Bill

1784 - Treaty of Mangalore closed the Second Mysore War, Pitts India Act

1785 - Warren Hastings resigned Governor Generalship

1786 - Lord Cornwallis appointed Governor-general

1790 - Commencement of the Third Mysore War (1790-92)

1792 - Treaty of Seringapatnam ended the Third P4ysore War; Ranjit Singh became the alder of a Sikhism

1793 - Permanent Settlement of land revenue in Bengal, renewal of the Company’s Charter, retirement of Lord Cornwallis, sir john Shore Governor General

1794 - Death of Mahadaji Sindhia

1795 - The Battle of Kharda or Khárdla, death of Ahalya Bai

1796 - Death of Peshwa Madhava Rao Narayan, Baji Rao II Peshwa

1797 - Zarnan Shah in the Punjab, death of Nawab Asafiiddaulah of Oudh

1798 - Lord Wellesley Governor General, acceptance of subsidiary alliance by the Nizam

1799 - Fourth Mysore War, death of Tipu, fall of Seringapatnam, partition of Mysore, installation of the Hindu Raj family in Mysore, Ranjit Singh appointed Governor of Lahore by Zaman Shah, Malcolm led English envision to Persia, opening of the Baptist Mission at Serampore by William Carey

1800 - Death of Nana Phadnavis

1801 - Carnatic annexed to the British Empire. The battle of Poona, Treaty of Bassein

1803 - The Second Maratha War (1803-05), capture of Aligarh, Battles offleihi, Assaye, Laswari and Argaon, treaty of Deogaon and cession of Cuttack, treaty of Surji-Arjungaon

1804 - War with the Holkar, defeat of Monson, battle of Deeg

1805 - Failure of the English siege of Bharatpur, recall of Lord Wellesley, second term of Lord Cornwallis Governor General, death of Lord Cornwallis, Sir George Barlow Governor General, treaty with the Holkar

1806 - Vellore Mutiny

1807 - Lord Monto I appointed Governor General (1807-13)

1808 - English missions under Malcolm to Persia and under Elphinstone to Kabul

1809 - Treaty of Amritsar between the English and Ranjit Singh

1813 - Company’s Charter renewed, retirement of Lord Minto I, appointed of Lord Hastings as Governor General (1813-23)

1814 - Outbreak of War with Nepal (1814- 16)

1816 - Treaty of Sagauli closed war with Nepal

1817-18 - The Pindari war and the Third Maratha War, battles of Kirkee and Sitabaldi, deposition of Appa Shaheb Bhonsle, battle of Mahidpur, treaty with the Holkar

1818 - Battle of Ashti, defense of Koregaon, surrender of Peshwk Raji Rao II

1819 - Capitulation of Asirgarh, abolition of the Peshwaship and retirement of Baji Rao II Bithur as a British pensioner, protective alliances with the states of Rajputana, earthquakes

1820 - Appointment of Sir Thomas Munro as governor of Madras (1820-27)

1823 - Departure of Lord Hastings, Mr. Adams acting Governor General, Lord Amherst Governor General

1824 - The first Burmese War (182426), Barrackpore Mutiny

1826 - Fall of Bharatpur, treaty of Yandabo, annexation of Assim Arakan and Tennasserim

1827 - The Enterprise, a man-of-war propelled by steam, lay off Madras.

1828 - Lord William Bentinck appointed Governor General (1828-36)

1829-37 - Suppression of Thuggee

1830 - Annexation of Cachar, Raja Rammohan Roy visited England

1831 - Deposition of the Rajas of-Mysore and assumption of its administration by the English, journey of flumes up the Indus, meeting at Rupar between Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentick

1832 - Annexation of Jaintia

1833 - Renewal of the Company's Charter, various reforms

1834 - Annexation of Coorg, institution of L4w Member in Supreme Council with Lord Macaulay as the first incumbent,

1835 - Foundation of Calcutta Medical College, Education Resolution, retirement of Lord William Bentinek, Sir Charles Metcalfe officiating Governor General, abolition of Press restrictions

1836 - Appointment of Lord Auckland as Governor General (1836-42)

1837-38 - Famine in North India

1838 - Tripartite treaty of the English with Saha Shuja and Ranjit Singh

1839 - New treaty forced on the Amirs of Sind; death of Ranjit Singh, First Afghan War (1839-42), Capture of Ghazni and occupation of Kabul

1840 - Risings of Afghan tribes, deposition of Dost Muhammad

1841 - Murders of thirties and Macnaghten by the Afghans

1842 - British disaster in Afghanistan, retirement to Jalalabad of Dr. Brydon alone, Lord Ellen borough became Governor General (1842- 44), relief of Jalalabad, reoccupation of Kabul, restoration of Dost Muhammad British evacuation of Afghanistan.

1843 - War with the Amirs of Sind, battles of Miani and Dabo, annexation of Sind baffle of Mahar-pur. Suppression of slavery

1844 - Recall of Lord Ellenborough, Lord Hardinge became Governor General (1844-48)

1845 - The First Sikh War (1845-46), battles of Mudki and Ferozpur

1846 - Battles of Aliwal and Sobraon, treaty of Lahore

1848 - Lord Dalhousie became Governor General (1848-56), revolt of Mulraj, the Second Sikh War (1848-49), enunciation of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satan by the application of doctrine

1849 - Battles of Chillianwalla and Gujarat, annexation of the Punjab, Bethune School for girls started in Calcutta, annexation of Jaitpur and Sambalpur

1850 - Penal annexation of a part of Sikkim

1852 - Second Burmese War, annexation of Pegu, death of ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II and stoppage of his pension

1853 - Opening of first railway in India from Calcutta to Thana, laying of telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra, annexation of Nagpur & Jhansi, annexation of Berar by the Nizam, renewal of the Company’s Charter; entrance into 1.C.S. thrown open to competition - -

1854 - Education Dispatch of Sir Charles Wood

1855 - The Santhal insurrection

1856 - Annexation of Oudh, the Indian Universities Act, Religious Disabilities Act, Hindu Widows Remarriage Act departure of Lord Dalhousie and appointment of Lord Canning as Governor General. End of Crimean War, General Service Order, Pension War, war in China (1856-60), introduction of the Enfield rifle and greased cartridges

1857 - Beginning of the Revolt or Sepoy Mutiny, foundation of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Universities

1858 - Trial of Emperor Bahadur Shah (Jan-March), proclamation of peace by Lord Canning (July), Act for the better government of India (August), Queen’s Proclamation (Nov), Lord Canning appointed Viceroy

1859 - Withdrawal of Doctrine of Lapse, gradual restoration of order, indigo disputes in Bengal (1859-60)

1860 - Enactment of Indian Penal Code-.

1861 - Indian Councils Act, establishment of High courts, Civil Service Act, Famine in N.W. India, enactment of the code of Criminal Procedure

1862 - Retirement of Lord Canning, Lord Elgin I appointed Viceroy (1862-63),  amalgamation of Supreme and Sadar Courts into High Courts

1864 - Sir John Lawrence appointed Viceroy (1864-68), Bhutan War

1865 - Orissa famine (1865-67), operating of telegraphic communication with Europe

1368 - Opening of railway from Ambala to Delhi

1869 - Lord Mayo became Viceroy (1869- 72), visit of the Duke of Edinborough

1872 - Murder of Lord Mayo, Lord Northbrook appointed Viceroy (1872- 76)

1873 - Famine in Bihar (1873-74)

1875 - Deposition of Maihar Rao Gaekwar, visit to Edward, Prince of Wales

1876 - Retirement of Lord Northbrook, Lord Lytton I became Viceroy (1876-80), the Royal Titles Act, occupation of Quetta, outbreak of famine in the Deccan

1877 - Delhi Durbar (1 January), Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India

1878 - Vernacular Press Act, Second Afghan War (1878-80)

1880 - Resignation of Lord Lytton I, Lord Ripen Viceroy (1880-84)

1881 - Rendition of Mysore, first Factory Act first General Census

1882 - Repeal of Vernacular Press Ac Hunter Commission

1883 - Beginning of legislation establishing local self-government in India, the Ilbert Bill

1884 - Resignation of Lord Ripen, Lord Duffer in Viceroy

1885 - Foundation of the Indian National Congress.

1889 - Foundation of British Committee of the Indian National Congress at London.

1890 - Publication of India from the Platform of British Committee of National Congress

1891 - Second Factory Act was passed. 

b. Manipur rebellion

c. Passing of the Age of Consent Bill

1892 - Indian Council Act was passed.

1893 - Inauguration of the Ganipati festival by Tilak.

1895 a. Inauguration of the Shivaji festival by Tilak.

b. Establishment of the "Deccan Sabha" by Gokhale.

1897 - Imprisonment of Tilak for 18 months on ground of Treason

1905 a. (July) Announcement of revised scheme of partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.

b. (Oct.) Partition of Bengal came into force. 

c. (Nov.) Establishment of the National Council of Education

1906 a. (Dec.) Foundation of Indian Muslim League at Dhaka,

b. Starting of a National College with Aurobindo Ghosh as principal in Calcutta.

1907 a. Congress split in Surat 

b. First Annual Session of the Muslim League at Karachi.

1908 - Imprisonment of Tilak for 6 years - sent to Mandley Jail

1909 - Indian Council Act or Morley Minto Reforms was passed.

1911 a. Coronation of Delhi Darbar.

b. Partition of Bengal was revoked

c. Announcement of transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi

1912 a. (Dee.) Bomb thrown on Lord Hardinge on his state entry into Delhi.

b. Transfer of capital to Delhi.

c. Constitution of separate provinces of Bihar & Orissa,

1915 a. Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa.

b. Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram by Gandhi at Abmedabad.

1916 a. (April) Foundation of Home Rule League by Tilak.

b. (Sept) Foundation of Home Rule League by Annie Besant

c. Foundation of Banaras Hindu University by Pt Madan Mohan Malviya.

d. Unity between moderates and extremists.

e. Lucknow Pact in which an agreement was made between Congress & Muslim league. 

f. Foundation of women's university at Poona.

1917 a. (April) Champaran Satyagrah by Gandhiji.

b. (20 Aug) The Congress and the Muslim league dropped the programme of passive resistance. 

c. Formation of Rowlatt Committee.

d. Annie Besant dropped the Home Rule Movement.

1918 a. (March) Organization of first All- India Depressed Classes Conference,

b. Ahmadabad Satyagrah by Gandhi.

c. Khaira Satyagrah by Gandhi.

1919 a. (Feb.) Foundation of Satyagrah Sabba by Gandhiji against the of Rowlatt Bill

b. (6thApril) Beginning of Rolatt Satyagrah

c. (13 April) Jalianwala Bag massacre

d. (15 April) Martial law in Punjab.

e. (Oct.) Appointment of the Hunter Committee for the investigation of Punjab wrongs.

f. (Nov) Foundation of All India Khilafat Committee.

g. (Dec.) Montague - Chelmsford Reforms or the Govt. of India Act 1919 was passed 

h. Gandhi elected as the President of All - India Khilafat Committee at Delhi

i. Formation of National Liberation Federation.

1920 a. (June) Passing of Non-cooperation proposal by Khilafat committee in Allahabad

b. (1 August) Launching of Noncooperation Movement by the Congress

c. (Deo.) Approval and ratification of the policy of non-violent noncooperation by the congress in the Nagpur Session.

d. First meeting of All India Trade Union Congress 

e. Foundation of the Aligarh Muslim University:

1921 a. (3 Jan) The inauguration of the new constitution according to the Government of India Act 919

b. (1 Feb) Gandhi decided to embark on Mass Civil Disobedience at Bardoli.

c. (July) Passing a resolution by All India Khilafat Committee prohibited Muslim to serve British Indian Army

d. (Aug.) Moplas rebellion in Malabar coast 

e. Foundation of Chamber of Princess

1922 a. (Feb.) Announcement of starting of mass civil disobedience by Gandhi 

b. (Feb) Chauri-Choura incident and suspension of the Non-cooperation Movement

c. Opposition of Congress Programmes in Gaya Session -

d. (May) Vishva Bharti University started by Rabindranath Tagore - 

e. (Dee) Foundation of Swaraj Party. Liberty given to the people of native states to become a member of Congress.

1923 - Compromise between Swarajijsts and the No-Changers in the congress in the special session of the Congress in Delhi

1925 a. Foundation of the Communist Party byM.N. Roy 

b. Foundation of Hindustan Association by Chandra Shekhar Azad

c. Vitthalbhai Patel elected as the President in Centre Legislature-

1926 a. First All India Non-Brahmin Conference held at Belgaum under the President ship of Ramaswamy

b. Announcement of four-point programme k co-operation with the congress by Md. Au Jinnah lathe Nagpur session of Muslim league

1927 a. (Nov.) Appointment of the Simon Commission (the statutory commission)

b. (Dec.) Passing of "Delhi Proposals" by Muslim leaders

c. Boycott of Simon Commission in Madras session of Congress 

d. Foundation of All India Praja Conference, First session under the President ship of Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra

1928 a. (Feb.) Arrival of Simon Commission in Bombay

b. (Feb.) All Party Conference in Delhi and demand of Dominion Status

c. Formation of 8 members committee for framing of Constitution under Motilal Nehru

d. (Aug.) Presentation of Nehru Report

e. Assault on Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab during the Boycott of the Simon Commission

f. (Nov.) Foundation of Independence League by Subhash and Nehru

g. Appointment of Butler Committee

h. Baradoli Satyagraha under the leadership of Vallabhai Patel on the issue of increase of revenue attempted by Government.

i. (Dec.) Demand given by Jinnah in All India Party Conference in Calcutta for the development of Muslim majority areas and reservation for Muslims.

j. (Dec.) Warning given to the Government in Calcutta session of Congress that if Government did not accept,-Nehru Report till 31st Dec, 1.929, Congress would begin Civil Disobedience Movement

1929 a. (Jan.) Announcement of 14 points demands by Jinnah in the Muslim League meeting at Delhi.

b. (April) Dropping of the bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh Batukeshwar Dun. 

c. (18 Aug.) Observation of "Political Sufferers Day" by the All India Congress Committee 

d. (31 Oct.) Announcement the goal of British policy in India that is granting of the Dominion status by Lord Irwin.

e. (Dec.) Passing the resolution for of Puma Swarajaya (complete independence) by the Indian National Congress in Lahore Session under the president ship of Jawaharlal Nehru.

f. (3 1 Dec.) Dropping on Nehru Report 

g. Report of Butler Committee

h. Hoisting of tricolor flag for the first time on 31 Dec.

1930 a. (26 Jan.) The Congress observed Indian Independence Day (14 Feb.) Passing of the Civil Disobedience resolution by the working committee of the congress. 

b. (2 March) Eleven Points demands of Gandhi given to Irwin 

c. (12 March) Launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement with the famous Dandi March for Salt Satyagraha (6 April) Violation of Salt Law

d. (May) Publication b (Simon Commission Report 

e. (Nov.) The first Round Table Conference in London without the participation of the Congress.

1931 a. (5 March) Gandhi & Irwin pact 

b. Suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhi 

c. Gandhi took part in the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress 

d. Execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdeo and Rajguru

e. (Sept) Second Round Table Conference

1932 a. (Jan.) Beginning of Second phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement

b. (Aug.) Announcement of "Communal Award" by the British Prime Minister Rainey Mac Donald 

c. (Sept.) Gandhi began fast to protest against Award (Sept.) Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar and other scheduled castes representatives

d. (Nov.) Third Round Table Conference without the participation of the Congress ends without any settlement

1933 a. White paper on constitutional development

b. (May) Suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress

c. (Aug.) Beginning of Individual Civil Disobedience

1934 a. (May) Withdrawal of civil disobedience Movement 

b. Beginning of Harijan work by Gandhiji

c. (17 May) Foundation of Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jai Prakash Narain first meeting in Patna.

d. (21-22 Oct.) First open session of Congress Socialist Party in Bombay under the President ship of Sampoorna Nand.

1935 - (Aug.) The Government of India Act was passed

1936 - Formation of the first All. - India Peasant Organization, the All India Kisan Sabba with Sahjananda as the President.

1937 a. (April) Provincial autonomy according to the Government of India Act 1935 - Came into force.

b. (3 Sept.) World War II broke out and the viceroy declared India a belligerent country. 

c. Resignation of the Congress Ministries in the province against the war policy 

d. (22 Dec.) Observance of the Day of Deliverance from the tyranny of the Congress rule at the instance of Jinnah by the Muslim League

e. All India Praja Conference under the President ship of Jawaharlal Nehru

1940 a. (March) Passing of the Pakistan Resolution in the Lahore session by the Muslim League 

b. (10 Aug.) Announcement of ‘August Offer"

c. (Aug. 18-22) Rejection of August Offer by the Congress working committee

d. (17 Oct.) Launching of ‘Individual Satyagraha’ movement by the congress starting with Vinoba Bhave as first President and Jawaharlal Nehru on the second.

1941 a. Death of Rabindranath Tagore 

b. (17 Jan.) Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India

c. Suspension of Individual Satyagraha Movement in Bardoli session

1942 a. (March) Arrival of Cripps Mission

b. (April) The Congress President, Maulana Azad rejected the Cripps Commission Draft Declaration

c. (July) The Congress working committee passed the Quit India Resolution 

d. (8 August) The passing of the Quit India Resolution at the All India Congress Committee at Bombay

e. (12 August) Cripps left India on the failure of his mission

f. Beginning of Quit India Movement

g. (1 Sept.) Formal Establishment of Indian National Army (And Hind Fauj) by Subhash Chandra Bose.

1943 a. Beginning of Gandhi’s historical 21 day fast (To show flith in non violence and purification of self)

b. (Oct.21) Proclamation of S.C. Rose to form the Provisional Government of Free India

c. (Dec.) Adoption of the slogan Divide and Quit by the Muslim League in Karachi session

1944 - (Sept) Gandhi met Jinnah to discuss the C. Rajagopalachari Formula

1945 a. (Dec.) The (vial of the I.N.A. prisoners

b. General Election in India

c. Viceroy Wavell organized the Simla Conference to discuss Wavell Plan

1946 a. (Feb. 18) Mutiny of the Indian naval ratings n Bombay (Talwar)

b. (15 March) Announcement of Cabinet Mission by the British Prime Minister Attlee 

c. (24 March) Arrival of Cabinet Mission to Delhi

d. (16 May) The Cabinet Mission Plan was announced 

e. (16 June) The Cabinet Mission outlined the procedure for fanning the interim Government 

f. (24 July) Muslim League withdraw its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan and called for direct action to achieve Pakistan. 

g. (July) Elections to the Constituent Assembly as provided in the Cabinet Mission Plan 

h. (14 Aug.) Jawaharlal Nehru invited to form the interim Government at the centre 

i. (16 Aug.) The Direct Action Day observed by the Muslim League 

j. (2 Sept.) Formation of the interim Govt.

k. (26 Oct.) Muslim League joined the interim Govt.

l. (9.Dec.) First Session of the Constituent Assembly m. Muslim League Boycotted Constituent Assembly

l947 a. (20 Feb.) Declaration of granting freedom tà India before June 1948 by Attlee.

b. (24 March) Appointment of Mountbatten as a viceroy 

c. (3 June) Mountbatten Plan for the partition of India

d. (June) The Congress and the Muslim League accepted the Mountbatten Plan

e. (4 July) Introduction of Indian Independence Bill 

f. (15 July) Passing of Indian Independence Bill

g. (15 Aug.) freedom to India

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